Sperm production (spermatogenesis) is a multi-step process controlled by a hormonal chain that starts in the brain.
The hypothalamus, at the base of the brain, releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release two hormones: follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).
LH acts on the Leydig cells of the testis to produce testosterone. Testosterone, working together with FSH (which acts on the Sertoli cells), drives the seminiferous tubules to produce sperm and bring them to maturity.
A complete cycle of sperm production takes about 64–74 days in the testis, followed by roughly 1–2 weeks of maturation in the epididymis. In practice, this means any change in health or lifestyle takes around three months to show up in a semen analysis.
Testosterone is also responsible for male characteristics such as facial hair, a deeper voice, muscle and body build, and sex drive.
What can disrupt this hormonal chain?
Because sperm production depends on signals from the brain, anything that suppresses GnRH, FSH or LH can lower sperm counts. A common modern cause is taking testosterone or anabolic steroids: external testosterone switches off the pituitary’s FSH and LH, and can stop sperm production entirely. Men trying to conceive should not use testosterone therapy without specialist advice. Other causes include pituitary disorders, high prolactin, severe stress, obesity and some medications.
International Guidelines
In line with global standards, Dr. Sabry follows the latest recommendations from the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE), and Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). Thus, patients receive care that is safe, ethical, and evidence-based.
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Why Choose Dr. Ashraf Sabry?
Dr. Ashraf Sabry, consultant in obstetrics, gynecology, fertility, and aesthetic gynecology, is recognized among the best OBGYN and fertility specialists in Cairo. With over 20 years of experience, he combines science and compassion to provide world-class care. Book your appointment through the contact page, WhatsApp, or call +201022224442.